En general, todas las emociones comparten ciertas características que les son inherentes: tienen conductas asociadas y tienen objetos intencionales; además, en las emociones recalcitrantes el sujeto hace un juicio sobre el objeto intencional que entra en conflicto con la emoción. Un caso típico es el miedo a volar: una persona se rehúsa a volar en avión, pero juzga que no hay nada que implique peligro en esa acción. Dado que las conductas que involucra la emoción son acciones intencionales del sujeto (...) que tienen un objetivo contrario a su juicio, se propone que dichas emociones son irracionales. (shrink)

Las personas somos absolutamente diferentes de las cosas, no cabe ninguna duda al respecto. No obstante, sí debemos diferenciar nítidamente entre los individuos y el concepto de “persona”. Así pues, la persona posee un “horizonte interior”, absolutamente novedoso y que le caracteriza como ser en aproximación a la Verdad y a la Libertad, las cuales no sólo son específicas del propio humano, sino que le son necesarias en cuanto remedios contra la desolación y la tiranía. Asimismo, una sociedad puede ser (...) tiránica en varios sentidos, pero Manuel Mindán sostiene que, para que no lo sea, el individuo entendido como “persona” debe primar siempre sobre el grupo gregario y cerrado. (shrink)

In recent years, several countries have enacted guidelines and/or mandatory laws to increase the presence of women on the boards of companies. Through these regulatory interventions, the aim is to eradicate the social and labor grievances that women have traditionally experienced and which has relegated them to smaller-scale jobs. Nevertheless, and despite the advances achieved, the female representation in the boardroom remains far from the desired levels. In this context, it is now necessary to enhance the advantages of board gender (...) diversity from both ethical and economic points of view. This article examines the relation between board gender diversity and economic results in Spain: the second country in the world to legally require gender quotas in boardrooms and historically characterized by a minimal female participation in the workforce. Based on a sample of 125 non-financial firms listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange from 2005 to 2009, our findings show that in the period analyzed the increase of the number of women on boards was over 98 %. This suggests that compulsory legislation offers an efficient framework to execute the recommendation of Spanish codes of good governance by means of the increase in the number of women in the boards of firms. Furthermore, we find that the increase in the number of women on the boards is positively related to higher economic results. Therefore, both results suggest that gender diversity in boardrooms should be incremented, mandatory laws being a key factor to do so. (shrink)

The philosophy devoted to the sacred knowledge of Athena has suffered an undeniable castration in modernity, because, following Sloterdijk, it has been related to the cynic, subjugation to appearance. For this reason, German literature differentiates between Kynismus and Zynismus. The kynysmós with "k" refers to the wise dogs of the agora and the Zynismus to the toothless Papillon. Under the keys of modernity, philosophy is camouflaged in moderation, good saying and salon etiquette, thereby abandoning the stridency, sarcasm and challenge that (...) the school of Diogenes practiced; but what was that insolence? What was his speech? What were his gestures? These are some of the questions addressed in this article; therefore, the reflection on the figure of the cynic, by the hand of the author of Critique of Cynical Reason, has been central to elucidate some of these questions and, why not, obscure them, after all, the interstices of the words are deeper. For methodological reasons, the text is divided into three sections: first, Resonances of a supplanted concept, in which the link between insolence and the cynical is investigated; second, Philosophical gestures, where the grimaces of an impertinent thought are drawn and third, Conclusions. (shrink)

Este trabajo profundiza en un momento importante en la historia de la comunicación como lo fue el de la difusión de la imprenta y el desarrollo de las técnicas del grabado aplicadas a la impresión. Se estudian las imágenes del libro bíblico del Apocalipsis, ilustrado por el artista alemán Alberto Durero a finales del siglo XV. Para ello se ha ahondando en el contexto histórico en el que fueron producidas, en la personalidad y circunstancias que rodearon la vida del artista (...) y en las propias imágenes xilográficas rastreando sus antecedentes y características propias. This work focuses on an important moment in the history of communication such as the diffusion of the printing press and the development of the engraving techniques applied to printing. It studies in depth the images of the biblical book of the Apocalypse illustrated by the German artist Alberto Durero by the end of the fifteenth century. This article analyzes the historical context where they were produced, the personality of the artist and the circumstances surrounding his life, and the very own xylographic images, whose antecedents and characteristics are traced. (shrink)

In this article, Laura Quintana elaborates on a conceptual distinction between violence and rage. Along with this distinction, she recognises that while rage may possess a destructive potential, it can also be politicised in emancipatory practices that confront conditions of injustice and structural violence. Her analysis centers on contemporary political movements in Latin America, which she views as collective manifestations of rage. Within these movements, the manifestation of rage is intertwined with forms of care and communal labor. Quintana characterises (...) such movements as embodying a “dignified rage” (digna rabia) that calls for an emancipatory transformation of the status quo. She contends that these practices can be understood in terms of the notion of “anti-violence,” as it has been coined by Étienne Balibar. In this she diverges from Judith Butler, since, according to Quintana’s analysis, such practices challenge the demand for non-violence that has often served to neutralise the disruptive force of such manifestations and movements. (shrink)

Inevitablemente cuando de valorar una conducta que ha causado un daño se trata, se recurre a los elementos de análisis que aporta el Derecho, sin embargo, ¿se le podrá dar el mismo tratamiento a aquellas conductas desplegadas por el personal médico asistencial en el marco del acto médico? O serán insuficientes los aportes del Derecho en este examen, teniendo en cuenta no solo el vertiginoso avance que la ciencia médica ha alcanzado en los últimos años, sino, también, el hecho de (...) que la prestación de servicios de salud se desarrolla dentro del complejo sistema de seguridad social en salud, el cual es el responsable de reglamentar la prestación de servicios de salud en el país. (shrink)

Ana se reconoció siempre por ser una mujer tranquila. Su carácter se enrarecía conforme lo hacían las melodías singulares propias de un café para intelectuales, y aunque su cotidianidad transcurría entre las fragancias de las mil y una tacitas de café y entre las plétoras discursivas de los filósofos, su vida era una vida ordinaria oscilante entre el “pajazo mental” de los pensadores que intentan reivindicar el mundo y los hombres y mujeres particulares que trabajan para pagar la hipoteca. Ana (...) era, esencialmente, el espejo de una persona ordinaria que presume de su saber y reniega de su vida. (shrink)

Technologies that deploy data science methods are liable to result in epistemic harms involving the diminution of individuals with respect to their standing as knowers or their credibility as sources of testimony. Not all harms of this kind are unjust but when they are we ought to try to prevent or correct them. Epistemically unjust harms will typically intersect with other more familiar and well-studied kinds of harm that result from the design, development, and use of data science technologies. However, (...) we argue that epistemic injustices can be distinguished conceptually from more familiar kinds of harm. We argue that epistemic harms are morally relevant even in cases where those who suffer them are unharmed in other ways. Via a series of examples from the criminal justice system, workplace hierarchies, and educational contexts we explain the kinds of epistemic injustice that can result from common uses of data science technologies. (shrink)

Los problemas ambientales actuales tienen su origen en los cambios de fuentes de energía y de metabolismo productivo a lo largo de la historia. En respuesta a dichos problemas, Europa ha definido una estrategia de transición energética, reforzada con estrategias de economía circular y de captura de carbono, con el fin de convertirse en el primer continente climáticamente neutro. Las ciudades desempeñan un papel muy relevante en la transición energética porque acogen una buena parte de las actividades humanas y son (...) responsables de una buena parte de los consumos. En este artículo proponemos una clasificación de las distintas sociedades a lo largo de la historia desde el punto de vista medioambiental y energético, que distingue cuatro sociedades: la orgánica, la mineral, la fósil y la hipocarbónica. Las analizamos considerando aspectos urbanos, tecnológicos y relativos a las fuentes de energía y consumos. Las transiciones energéticas a lo largo de la historia se han prolongado mucho en el tiempo. La ciudad smart se vislumbra como una de las innovaciones que permitirán implementar la transición energética en Europa de forma rápida y progresiva. La escala global de la descarbonización se ve, sin embargo, como uno de los mayores retos a superar. (shrink)

Este artículo se centra en el concepto de gobierno. A partir de algunos planteamientos filosóficos de pensadores como Michel Foucault, Peter Sloterdijk, Maurizio Lazzarato y otros se despliega una argumentación sobre las formas como se fabrica lo humano. En un primer momento se hace una exploración terminológica desde un punto de vista antropológico del verbo "gobernar" para delimitar los alcances de esta reflexión; posteriormente se realiza un desplazamiento de la mirada hacia las nuevas formas como se gobiernan los seres humanos, (...) tanto desde lo colectivo como lo individual. This article focuses on the concept of governing. Based on some philosophical approaches by thinkers like Michel Foucault, Peter Sloterdijk, Giorgio Agamben, and Maurizio Lazzarato among others, an argument is developed about the ways how the human is constructed. Firstly, a terminological exploration on the verb "to govern/to rule" is carried out from an anthropological view in order to define the scope of this reflection. The view is subsequently turned to the new ways how humans are being governed, both in their collective and individual extent. (shrink)

El juicio clínico se ha convertido en un tópico capital para la filosofía de la medicina y la profesión médica desde los sesenta. Tras el desarrollo de la medicina basada en la evidencia en los noventa, se espera una mayor sensibilidad en el juicio clínico frente a las necesidades y preferencias de los pacientes ante las amenazas de enfoques positivistas, que, se considera, descuidan la individualidad. Este artículo aborda este problema a la luz de una filosofía de la medicina más (...) sensible a los componentes históricos de la epistemología, la ontología y la ética. Se dirige la mirada al siglo XIX para dilucidar las tensiones en torno al lugar de los conocimientos médicos y la apuesta por dotar al juicio clínico de nuevos métodos para la mejora profesional. Este retorno al pasado ayuda a comprender las transformaciones actuales del campo de la medicina, especialmente en cuanto a cómo ayudan a constituir nuevos tipos de pacientes, nuevos tipos de ethos profesional y nuevas formas de relación entre dichos actores. (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende aproximarse a dos conceptos centrales en las reflexiones de la pensadora judío-alemana Hannah Arendt. En principio, se realiza un abordaje del concepto “política” para efectos de mostrar su sentido en términos cotidianos. En un segundo momento se hará una exploración de las nociones de libertad y poder, centrales para comprender el sentido de la política. Finalmente, se realiza una exploración al concepto de logos, noción central a la hora de comprender el asunto de la libertad como (...) acto en el ejercicio del poder. (shrink)

RESUMEN El concepto de dispositivo se ha convertido en una noción común dentro de las Ciencias Humanas. A partir de los planteamientos de Michel Foucault ha existido una reflexión importante en las últimas décadas alrededor de esta noción. Este artículo propone señalar algunas líneas de investigación abiertas por la filosofía de los dispositivos de Foucault. Se destacan, especialmente, algunas investigaciones de Ian Hacking y Arnold Davidson y algunos trabajos de Nikolas Rose. El artículo se concentra en subrayar el sentido de (...) la filosofía de los dispositivos: realizar una ontología histórica de nuestro presente, lo que también significa pensar en la manera como la interacción que tenemos con el conocimiento y las tecnologías produce determinados tipos de identidad. ABSTRACT The concept of apparatus has turned in a common notion within the Human Sciences. Based on Michel Foucault's ideas, there has been an important reflection about this concept recently. This paper seeks to point out some lines of investigation that have been established by Foucault's philosophy of the apparatus. I stress, specially, some investigations undertaken by Ian Hacking and Arnold Davidson and some works by Nikolas Rose. On the other hand, it is stated that the philosophy of apparatus is aimed at carrying out a historical ontology, that is to say, thinking about how the interaction between knowledge, technologies, institutions and humans produce certain kinds of people. (shrink)

This work presents a causal conception of metaphysical modality in which a state of affairs is metaphysically possible if and only if it can be caused (in the past, the present or the future) by current entities. The conception is contrasted with what is called the "combinatorial" conception of modality, in which everything can coexist with anything else. This work explains how the notion of 'causality' should be construed in the causal theory, what difference exists between modalities thus defined from (...) nomological modality, how accessibility relations between possible worlds should be interpreted, and what is the relation between the causal conception and the necessity of origin. (shrink)

El presente trabajo realiza un análisis de los usos de la cartografía pedagógica, centrándose en artículos científicos que registran la experiencia de maestros en educación formal, identificando cómo la han aplicado, en quiénes la han desarrollado y qué implicaciones sociales y educativas ha tenido en los lugares donde se ha implementado. Se examinó un total de 90 publicaciones entre 2017 a 2022, de diferentes países, identificando aciertos, hallazgos, y oportunidades que presenta esta metodología. Los resultados indican la ventaja que tiene (...) como estrategia metodológica, para la investigación educativa y para construir nuevos conocimientos dentro del contexto académico y social. (shrink)

What does it mean to trust the results of a computer simulation? This paper argues that trust in simulations should be grounded in empirical evidence, good engineering practice, and established theoretical principles. Without these constraints, computer simulation risks becoming little more than speculation. We argue against two prominent positions in the epistemology of computer simulation and defend a conservative view that emphasizes the difference between the norms governing scientific investigation and those governing ordinary epistemic practices.

In this paper I argue that Artificial Intelligence and the many data science methods associated with it, such as machine learning and large language models, are first and foremost epistemic technologies. In order to establish this claim, I first argue that epistemic technologies can be conceptually and practically distinguished from other technologies in virtue of what they are designed for, what they do and how they do it. I then proceed to show that unlike other kinds of technology (_including_ other (...) epistemic technologies) AI can be uniquely positioned as an epistemic technology in that it is primarily designed, developed and deployed to be used in _epistemic contexts_ such as inquiry, it is specifically designed, developed and deployed to manipulate _epistemic content_ such as data, _and_ it is designed, developed and deployed to do so particularly through _epistemic operations_ such as prediction and analysis. As has been shown in recent work in the philosophy and ethics of AI (Alvarado, AI and Ethics, 2022a), understanding AI as an epistemic technology will also have significant implications for important debates regarding our relationship to AI technologies. This paper includes a brief overview of such implications, particularly those pertaining to explainability, opacity, trust and even epistemic harms related to AI technologies. (shrink)

En medio de un desencanto social por un sistema político corrupto y reacio al cambio democrático, desde los años setenta el género neopolicial irrumpió en México, abandonando las temáticas propias de la novela policial clásica que se encontraban centradas en la resolución de crímenes por detectives cuya inteligencia y habilidades permitían hacer justicia y reestablecer el orden social. Una vez que al país llega la alternancia política las autoridades de gobierno en turno utilizan los medios masivos de comunicación para difundir (...) un discurso ideológico que ubica en el narcotráfico al enemigo nacional y generador de la violencia en el país. En este artículo se asume que las características propias del género neopolicial apoyan la construcción de imaginarios sociales que son críticos a las narrativas estatales que intentan explicar y justificar la violencia en el país. (shrink)

Computer simulations have conventionally been understood to be either extensions of formal methods such as mathematical models or as special cases of empirical practices such as experiments. Here, I argue that computer simulations are best understood as instruments. Understanding them as such can better elucidate their actual role as well as their potential epistemic standing in relation to science and other scientific methods, practices and devices.

While various definitions of moral distress have been proposed, some agreement exists that it results from illegitimate constraints in clinical practice affecting healthcare professionals’ moral agency. If we are to reduce moral distress, instruments measuring it should provide relevant information about such illegitimate constraints. Unfortunately, existing instruments fail to do so. We discuss here several shortcomings of major instruments in use: their inability to determine whether reports of moral distress involve an accurate assessment of the requisite clinical and logistical facts (...) in play, whether the distress in question is aptly characterized as moral, and whether the moral distress reported is an appropriate target of elimination. Such failures seriously limit the ability of empirical work on moral distress to foster appropriate change. (shrink)

Bioethics, Volume 36, Issue 2, Page 121-133, February 2022.

A partir de la pregunta por la vida buena y la existencia auténtica se explora aquí de qué manera la literatura, puesta al servicio de la individuación, puede facilitar los esfuerzos por encontrar sentidos y significado para la existencia. En el caso del escritor Fernando Vallejo se quiere observar el despliegue de lo titánico como una atmósfera -y un impulso en el proceso creativo. Se señalan de manera sucinta los pasos o tránsitos en el proceso de individualización.

We address some of the epistemological challenges highlighted by the Critical Data Studies literature by reference to some of the key debates in the philosophy of science concerning computational modeling and simulation. We provide a brief overview of these debates focusing particularly on what Paul Humphreys calls epistemic opacity. We argue that debates in Critical Data Studies and philosophy of science have neglected the problem of error management and error detection. This is an especially important feature of the epistemology of (...) Big Data. In “Error” section we explain the main characteristics of error detection and correction along with the relationship between error and path complexity in software. In this section we provide an overview of conventional statistical methods for error detection and review their limitations when faced with the high degree of conditionality inherent to modern software systems. (shrink)

This article analyses an anti-essentialist SF novel, focusing on the extent to which anti-foundationalism enables a more accurate as well as a more productive representation of postmodernity. My argument stresses the ways in which Pat Cadigan's novel Synners, mostly because of its remarkable narrative form, challenges some of the most dangerous norms and normativity of American thought and culture. I argue, that, in order to understand this complex novel correctly, we must approach technoscience and transnational capitalism as separate, interacting discourses (...) and material practices. The representations of technoscience, in the novel, are definitely not ‘figures’ for late capitalism: they are representations of a discourse which interacts with capitalism in the fictional world as in the real world. Contrary to what has been suggested by a number of critics writing about Foucault, use of this notion of discourse does not preclude use of notions of agency. As the queer theorists who have drawn on Foucault's work show, agency can be theorized in terms compatible with the notions of discourses, material practices and technologies. My discussion of Synners thus focuses on questions of agency, showing how Cadigan uses a deconstruction of Judeo-Christian religious tropes to argue for a responsible, and knowledgable, ‘incurably informed’ approach to technology. (shrink)

Much media attention has been given to the potentially shifting voting patterns of the U.S. Hispanic population in the 2020 election. However, far less attention has been given to the implications...

A presente proposta tem como seu principal objetivo mostrar como a emergência de hábitos autocontrolados de emoções podem ser explicados segundo a gramática especulativa de Peirce. Como resultado, espero mostrar, uma possível aplicação da gramática especulativa, sobre o qual muito é especulado, mas pouco é aplicado; segundo, sugerir uma possível teoria da linguagem entendida como uma forma controlada de nossos sentimentos de tal modo a permitir que sejam compartilhadas e comunicadas. Além disso, e ainda mais importante, isto mostraria que a (...) divisão tradicional entre a faculdade da razão e a faculdade emocional não é tal, antes deve ser dito que a razão, ou melhor a razoabilidade, surge e afunda suas raízes nessa faculdade e cresce dela em um continuum. Assim, qualquer educação que vise o autocontrole deve começar com uma educação estética ou, se preferir, com uma educação sentimental. (shrink)